What can the Stoics tell us about what is important in education?

#stoics #education #integrity #duty #control #highperformance

One of the books that I picked up over the holidays was Lives of the Stoics written by Ryan Holiday and Steven Hanselman (Profile Books Ltd).  This is because I had noticed more and more reference to the Stoic approach through podcasts such as High Performance Podcast.  This tied in with an emphasis on INTEGRITY as a leadership quality in my PDA discussions.  Not because this is lacking (I do protest) but a reminder of its importance as an integral part of strong and effective leadership.  Hillary Chabot writes a useful article on this issue in the Babson College magazine, Why is Integrity Important in Leadership? (September 28, 2023) with reference to Conscious Leadership.  At the same time as reading this article, I came across an article written by David Henzel entitled Stoic Lessons for a Successful Leadership Mindset in Forbes magazine (December 21, 2023). Being a teacher of Philosophy and Ethics, I was intrigued as to what it was about the Stoics that lead to a resurgence of interest in the 21st century and what made this philosophical approach all the more relevant. 

The book explores the lives and teachings of the most influential figures in Stoic philosophy, illustrating how their ideas have shaped both ancient and modern thought. These philosophers, from Zeno of Citium to Marcus Aurelius, provide timeless lessons on how to live a life of virtue, tranquility, and resilience. By examining their lives in turn, Holiday offers not only a description of their struggles and ideas but also a roadmap for applying these teachings to contemporary life.  My interest is how they relate to the world of education.

1. Zeno of Citium: The Founder of Stoicism 

Zeno of Citium, born around 334 BCE, is considered the founder of Stoicism.  Zeno believed that virtue, not external goods like wealth or fame, was the key to happiness. He argued that living according to nature and rationality led to true freedom. His teachings emphasised the importance of virtue, wisdom, and the role of reason in guiding human behaviour. According to Zeno, individuals could achieve happiness and tranquility by focusing on their inner virtue rather than external circumstances. 

Zeno’s philosophy teaches us that the pursuit of knowledge should be rooted in virtue, not external rewards. In the context of education, Zeno’s teachings advocate for a focus on moral development alongside intellectual growth. The emphasis should not be on achieving grades but on the process of learning and growing as a person. Students should be encouraged to cultivate wisdom, self-control, and integrity in their studies. Zeno’s model for education would encourage an approach where students are taught not only to acquire knowledge but also to apply it in ways that are ethical, rational, and aligned with the greater good.  You don’t learn merely to pass an exam but you learn to be able to be better equipped to do something with the knowledge and skills you have acquired.  

2. Cleanthes: Devotion and Duty 

Cleanthes, who succeeded Zeno as the head of the Stoic school, was a philosopher who exemplified resilience and devotion. Cleanthes was not born into wealth, and he struggled throughout his life. He worked as a laborer, boxing for money while studying philosophy, and, therefore, rooted in physical endeavour rather than theoretical curiosity. Cleanthes believed that everything in the universe is connected through rational principles and that human beings must align themselves with this cosmic order to live virtuously.  

Cleanthes’ teachings encourage cultivating a sense of duty and devotion to learning. His life demonstrates the power of hard work and perseverance, even when faced with adversity. In educational settings, Cleanthes’ philosophy suggests that students should approach their studies with discipline and commitment, understanding that knowledge is not merely for personal gain but for contributing to the greater good of society. Cleanthes also provides an example of intellectual humility—despite his struggles, he continued to seek knowledge and pursue virtue. This humility can be integrated into the educational system by encouraging students to appreciate the inherent value of learning, regardless of external accolades or recognition. 

3. Chrysippus: The Philosopher of Logic 

Chrysippus of Soli is credited with systematizing and refining Stoic thought, making it a rigorous and comprehensive philosophy.  Chrysippus is best known for his work in Stoic logic. He developed a theory of syllogism and propositional logic that helped define Stoic philosophy as a formal system. Chrysippus believed that the universe operates according to divine rationality (Logos), and human beings, by exercising their rational faculties, can live in accordance with nature. He emphasised that moral development and wisdom require logical reasoning and the ability to discern truth from falsehood. 

Chrysippus’ contributions to logic can be directly applied to modern education by encouraging the development of critical thinking skills. In an educational context, Chrysippus’ emphasis on logic and reason can guide curriculum development. Students should be taught to think clearly, logically, and systematically, focusing on the development of sound reasoning skills. Chrysippus’ ideas also encourage the integration of philosophy into the education system, helping students understand not only the “what” of knowledge but the “why” behind their beliefs and actions. Logic can be seen as a tool for navigating the complexities of life and for cultivating wisdom, helping students make reasoned decisions and judgments in their academic and personal lives. 

4. Epictetus: The Philosopher of Control 

Epictetus, born into slavery around 55 CE, and after gaining his freedom, taught philosophy, becoming one of the most famous Stoic philosophers. His teachings focus on the idea that individuals have control only over their own thoughts, judgments, and actions. Everything else, including external events and circumstances, is beyond their control. 

Epictetus emphasised the importance of distinguishing between what is in our control and what is not. He taught that external circumstances (e.g. wealth, status, or health) should not disturb our peace of mind. Instead, individuals should focus on their own reactions, attitudes, and behaviours, which are within their control. Epictetus’ philosophy encourages resilience in the face of adversity and the cultivation of inner strength; a buzzword in a 21st century school. 

Epictetus’ teachings can be highly relevant in educational settings, particularly in helping students manage stress and expectations. In a world where academic pressures can overwhelm students, Epictetus’ philosophy encourages them to focus on what they can control—their effort, attitude, and responses to challenges. Educators can teach students to embrace setbacks as opportunities for growth, rather than as failures. By helping students cultivate emotional resilience, schools can foster a healthier and more balanced approach to learning. Epictetus’ emphasis on self-mastery can also be integrated into educational frameworks that prioritise mindfulness, self-reflection, and personal growth alongside academic success. 

5. Seneca: The Philosopher of Self-Reflection 

Seneca was a Roman statesman, playwright, and Stoic philosopher, who held significant power in the 1st century CE. Despite his wealth and political connections, he remained committed to Stoic principles, advocating for simplicity, integrity, and emotional self-control. 

Seneca’s philosophy centres around the idea of living in accordance with nature.  He spoke about the transient nature of life and, in modern terminology, the importance of time management. He believed that time was the most precious resource and that individuals should use it wisely, dedicating themselves to activities that cultivate virtue and inner peace. His works also address issues such as anger management, grief, and the use of wealth. 

Seneca’s teachings encourage students to reflect on how they spend their time and the impact of their choices. In a world filled with distractions, students often lose sight of what truly matters. Seneca’s focus on the shortness of life encourages a more deliberate approach to education, where students are taught to prioritize meaningful learning over superficial achievements. Teachers can help students recognize the value of time, guiding them to make choices that reflect their values and long-term goals. Seneca’s ideas on emotional regulation and the management of negative emotions also have practical applications for creating supportive learning environments where students can thrive intellectually and emotionally. 

6. Musonius Rufus: The Philosopher of Action 

Musonius Rufus was a teacher of Epictetus and advocated for the idea that philosophy should be lived, not merely studied. Musonius believed that philosophy should lead to moral improvement and that its principles should be applied in everyday life. He taught that the cultivation of virtue required action and commitment, not just theoretical knowledge.  Musonius also challenged conventional views on gender, arguing that women should be educated and live according to Stoic principles just as men should. He believed that both men and women had the capacity to achieve virtue and should pursue wisdom and self-control. 

Musonius’ emphasis on the practical application of philosophy can be seen in the way education should be approached. Education is not just about acquiring knowledge; it is about developing character and moral integrity. In educational settings, Musonius would encourage students to apply their learning to real-life situations, developing their ability to act virtuously in the world. His teachings also suggest a more inclusive approach to education, where both men and women are given equal opportunities to develop their minds and character. 

7. Marcus Aurelius: The Philosopher-King 

Marcus Aurelius provides insight into the struggle of aligning Stoicism with leadership as Roman emperor from 161 to 180 CE. Despite his power, Marcus Aurelius remained deeply committed to Stoic principles, continually reminding himself of his duty, humility, and the fleeting nature of life. In his Meditations, Marcus Aurelius writes about the importance of self-discipline, the acceptance of fate, and the need to remain calm and just in the face of adversity. His reflections reveal a leader who was deeply aware of his responsibility to serve the common good and remain steadfast in his moral convictions. 

Marcus Aurelius’ teachings can inspire students to approach education with a sense of duty and service. Just as he viewed his leadership as a form of service to the Roman people, students can be taught to see their education as a way in which they can contribute to the greater good. His focus on self-discipline and reflection can guide students to develop personal responsibility and a sense of moral purpose. In a school context, his ideas can underpin leadership programmes that emphasise ethical decision-making and the importance of serving others, both inside and outside of the classroom. 

8. Cato the Younger: The Philosopher of Integrity 

Cato the Younger was an opponent of Julius Caesar, best known for his incorruptibility and dedication to virtue. Cato’s life was an example of Stoic fortitude, and his commitment to Stoic principles, even in the face of personal and political challenges, illustrates the importance of moral integrity and the strength to remain true to one’s values. He was a steadfast believer in the rule of law, personal honour, and the duty to fight against tyranny. 

It is through Cato’s life that we clearly see the importance of integrity and the willingness to stand up for one’s beliefs, even when it is difficult. In education, Cato’s example can be used to encourage students to develop strong ethical foundations, teaching them the value of personal integrity and the courage to act according to their principles. Students can learn to resist peer pressure, prioritise ethical behaviour, and use their education as a tool for social good. 

So what does this mean for school leaders? 

The Stoic philosophers, through their diverse lives and teachings, offer valuable lessons on how to live virtuously in a chaotic world. Their ideas have not only shaped ancient philosophy but continue to resonate in modern life, particularly in education. From Zeno’s emphasis on virtue to Marcus Aurelius’ reflections on leadership, these philosophers show us that the pursuit of wisdom and personal growth should always be at the centre of education. By applying Stoic principles in the classroom and beyond, we can cultivate a generation of individuals who are not only intellectually capable but also morally grounded and emotionally resilient.  They value what they learn and do something with it, long after any test or exam has taken place; after all, the exam is not the important thing and neither is the grade you get.  What matters is what you do with what you've learnt.